Each strain requires a specific vaccine to provide immunity to a vaccinated animal. FMD is caused by an Aphthovirus of the family Picornaviridae, seven strains (A, O, C, SAT1, SAT2, SAT3, and Asia1) are endemic in different countries worldwide. Africa and Eurasia are the regions which incur the largest costs, accounting for 50% and 33% of the total costs respectively. Seventy-five percent of the costs attributed to FMD prevention and control are incurred by low income and lower-middle income countries. Countries that are currently free of FMD without vaccination remain under constant threat of an incursion. The disease is estimated to circulate in 77% of the global livestock population, in Africa, the Middle East and Asia, as well as in a limited area of South America. It is a transboundary animal disease (TAD) that deeply affect the production of livestock and disrupting regional and international trade in animals and animal products. The disease affects cattle, swine, sheep, goats and other cloven-hoofed ruminants. Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a severe, highly contagious viral disease of livestock that has a significant economic impact.
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